@article {316011,
	title = {U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {359},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018/02/23},
	pages = {912},
	abstract = {<p>It has been suggested that Neandertals, as well as modern humans, may have painted caves. Hoffmann et al. used uranium-thorium dating of carbonate crusts to show that cave paintings from three different sites in Spain must be older than 64,000 years. These paintings are the oldest dated cave paintings in the world. Importantly, they predate the arrival of modern humans in Europe by at least 20,000 years, which suggests that they must be of Neandertal origin. The cave art comprises mainly red and black paintings and includes representations of various animals, linear signs, geometric shapes, hand stencils, and handprints. Thus, Neandertals possessed a much richer symbolic behavior than previously assumed.Science, this issue p. 912The extent and nature of symbolic behavior among Neandertals are obscure. Although evidence for Neandertal body ornamentation has been proposed, all cave painting has been attributed to modern humans. Here we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in Maltravieso (Extremadura), and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andaluc{\'\i}a). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship.</p>
},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6378/912.abstract},
	author = {Hoffmann, D. L. and Standish, C. D. and Garc{\'\i}a-Diez, M. and Pettitt, P. B. and Milton, J. A. and Zilh{\~a}o, J. and Alcolea-Gonz{\'a}lez, J. J. and Cantalejo-Duarte, P. and Collado, H. and de Balb{\'\i}n, R. and Lorblanchet, M. and Ramos-Mu{\~n}oz, J. and Weniger, G.-Ch. and Pike, A. W. G.}
}
